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Use "--help all" to list all options
Use "--help [option]" to view documentation for a given option Failed to open the file %s: %s Binary output can mess up your terminal. Use "--output -" to tell curl to output it to your terminal anyway, or consider "--output " to save to a file. You do not have permission to create %s The directory name %s is too long %s resides on a read-only file system No space left on the file system that would contain the directory %s Cannot create directory %s because you exceeded your quota Could not find a known_hosts file CURLOPT_SSH_HOST_PUBLIC_KEY_SHA256 CURLOPT_SSH_HOST_PUBLIC_KEY_MD5 multipart formpost (-F, --form) You can only select one HTTP request method! You asked for both %s and %s. --%s is an insecure option, consider --ssl-reqd instead --%s overrides --ftp-ssl-control --%s is deprecated and has no function anymore --continue-at is mutually exclusive with --remove-on-error --fail deselects --fail-with-body here --fail-with-body deselects --fail here --continue-at is mutually exclusive with --no-clobber -v, --verbose overrides an earlier trace option unrecognized ftp file method '%s', using default unrecognized delegation method '%s', using none --tls-max set lower than minimum accepted version Bad variable name length (%zu), skipping Variable '%s' import fail, not set Bad --variable syntax, skipping: %s --continue-at is mutually exclusive with --range unrecognized ftp CCC method '%s', using default A specified range MUST include at least one dash (-). Appending one for you Invalid character is found in given range. A specified range MUST have only digits in 'start'-'stop'. The server's response to this request is uncertain. Illegal date format for -z, --time-cond (and not a filename). Disabling time condition. See curl_getdate(3) for valid date syntax. Overrides previous HTTP version option Minimum TLS version set higher than max The argument '%s' starts with a Unicode character. Maybe ASCII was intended? had unsupported trailing garbage found an unknown config option expected a proper numerical parameter expected a positive numerical parameter the installed libcurl version does not support this a specified protocol is unsupported by libcurl the given option cannot be reversed with a --no- prefix --continue-at and --remote-header-name cannot be combined error encountered when reading a file blank argument where content is expected syntax error in --variable argument /* Here is a list of options the curl code used that cannot get generated /********* Sample code generated by the curl command line tool ********** error retrieving curl library information error initializing curl library curl 8.21.0 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) %s
WARNING: curl and libcurl versions do not match. Functionality may be affected.
SSL session file does not exist (yet?): %s unrecognized line %d in SSL session file %s invalid shmax base64 encoding in line %d invalid sdata base64 encoding in line %d: %s import of session from line %d rejected(%d) Content-Type: application/json result = curl_easy_perform(curl); Transfer took %ld ms, waits %ldms as set by --rate Warning: Failed to create SSL session file %s Failed to open %s to write libcurl code WARNING: this libcurl is Debug-enabled, do not use in production
curl is a tool for transferring data from or to a server using URLs. It supports these protocols: DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, GOPHERS, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, MQTT, MQTTS, POP3, POP3S, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET, TFTP, WS and WSS.
curl is powered by libcurl for all transfer-related features. See
The URL syntax is protocol-dependent. You can find a detailed description
If you provide a URL without a leading "protocol://" scheme, curl guesses what protocol you want. It then defaults to HTTP but assumes others based on often-used hostname prefixes. For example, for hostnames starting with "ftp." curl assumes you want FTP.
You can specify any amount of URLs on the command line. They are fetched in a sequential manner in the specified order unless you use --parallel. You can specify command line options and URLs mixed and in any order on
curl attempts to reuse connections when doing multiple transfers, so that getting many files from the same server do not use multiple connects and setup handshakes. This improves speed. Connection reuse can only be done for URLs specified for a single command line invocation and cannot be performed between separate curl runs.
Everything provided on the command line that is not a command line option or its argument, curl assumes is a URL and treats it as such.
You can specify multiple URLs or parts of URLs by writing lists within braces or ranges within brackets. We call this "globbing".
Provide a list with three different names like this:
https://fun.example/{one,two,three}.jpg
sftp://{one,two,three}.example/README
Do sequences of alphanumeric series by using [] as in:
ftp://ftp.example.com/file[1-100].txt
ftp://ftp.example.com/file[001-100].txt
With letters through the alphabet:
ftp://ftp.example.com/file[a-z].txt
Nested sequences are not supported, but you can use several ones next to
https://example.com/archive[1996-1999]/vol[1-4]/part{a,b,c}.html
You can specify a step counter for the ranges to get every Nth number or
https://example.com/file[1-100:10].txt
https://example.com/file[a-z:2].txt
When using [] or {} sequences when invoked from a command line prompt, you probably have to put the full URL within double quotes to avoid the shell from interfering with it. This also goes for other characters treated special, like for example '&', '?' and '*'.
The separate globbing components can be referenced in the --output option to allow pieces to be reused in the target filename.
Starting in curl 8.21.0, the separate globbing parts can be named and referenced by their names. The case sensitive alphanumeric name is set enclosed within angle brackets after the opening character. Examples:
https://fun.example/{one,two,three}.jpg
ftp://ftp.example.com/file[1-100].txt
Setting the same glob name twice is an error.
Switch off globbing with --globoff.
curl supports command line variables (added in 8.3.0). Set variables with --variable name=content or --variable name@file (where "file" can be stdin if set to a single dash (-)).
Variable contents can be expanded in option parameters using "{{name}}" if the option name is prefixed with "--expand-". This gets the contents of the variable "name" inserted, or a blank if the name does not exist as a variable. Insert "{{" verbatim in the string by prefixing it with a
You can access and expand environment variables by importing them with "--variable %name". This imports the variable called "name" but exits with an error if that environment variable is not already set. To provide a default value in case it is not already set, use "--variable %name=content" or "--variable %name@content".
Example: get the USER environment variable and expand into the URL, fail --expand-url = "https://example.com/api/{{USER}}/method"
When expanding variables, curl supports a set of functions that can make the variable contents more convenient to use. It can trim leading and trailing white space with "trim", output the contents as a JSON quoted string with "json", URL encode the string with "url", base64 encode it with "b64" and base64 decode it with "64dec". To apply functions to a variable expansion, add them colon separated to the right side of the variable. Variable content holding null bytes that are not encoded when
Example: get the contents of a file called $HOME/.secret into a variable called "fix". Make sure that the content is trimmed and percent-encoded --expand-variable fix@{{HOME}}/.secret --expand-data "{{fix:trim:url}}"
Command line variables and expansions were added in 8.3.0.
If not told otherwise, curl writes the received data to stdout. It can be instructed to instead save that data into a local file, using the --output or --remote-name options. If curl is given multiple URLs to transfer on the command line, it similarly needs multiple options for where to save
curl does not parse or otherwise "understand" the content it gets or writes as output. It does no encoding or decoding, unless explicitly asked to with dedicated command line options.
curl supports numerous protocols, or put in URL terms: schemes. Your particular build may not support them all.
Lets you lookup words using online dictionaries.
Read or write local files. curl does not support accessing "file://" URL remotely, but when running on Microsoft Windows using the native UNC approach works. Only absolute paths.
curl supports the File Transfer Protocol with a lot of tweaks and levers. With or without using TLS.
curl supports HTTP with numerous options and variations. It can speak HTTP version 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 2 and 3 depending on build options and the correct command line options.
Using the mail reading protocol, curl can download emails for you.
curl can do directory lookups for you, with or without TLS.
curl supports MQTT version 3. Downloading over MQTT equals subscribing to a topic while uploading/posting equals publishing on a topic. MQTT over TLS is not supported (yet).
Downloading from a pop3 server means getting an email. With or without
curl supports RTSP 1.0 downloads.
curl supports SSH version 2 scp transfers.
curl supports SFTP (draft 5) done over SSH version 2.
curl supports SMB version 1 for upload and download.
Uploading contents to an SMTP server means sending an email. With or
Fetching a telnet URL starts an interactive session where it sends what it reads on stdin and outputs what the server sends it.
curl can do TFTP downloads and uploads.
WebSocket done over HTTP/1. WSS implies that it works over HTTPS.
curl normally displays a progress meter during operations, indicating the amount of transferred data, transfer speeds and estimated time left, etc. The progress meter displays the transfer rate in bytes per second. The used suffixes ("k" for kilo, "M" for mega, "G" for giga, "T" for tera, "P" for peta and "E" for exa) are 1024 based. For example 1k is 1024 bytes. 1M is 1048576 bytes. Strictly speaking this makes the units kibibyte and
curl displays this data to the terminal by default, so if you invoke curl to do an operation and it is about to write data to the terminal, it disables the progress meter as otherwise it would mess up the output mixing progress meter and response data.
If you want a progress meter for HTTP POST or PUT requests, you need to redirect the response output to a file, using shell redirect (>), --output
This does not apply to FTP upload as that operation does not spit out any response data to the terminal.
If you prefer a progress bar instead of the regular meter, --progress-bar is your friend. You can also disable the progress meter completely with
This man page describes curl 8.21.0. If you use a later version, chances are this man page does not fully document it. If you use an earlier version, this document tries to include version information about which specific version that introduced changes.
You can always learn which the latest curl version is by running
The online version of this man page is always showing the latest incarnation: https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html
Options start with one or two dashes. Many of the options require an additional value next to them. If provided text does not start with a dash, it is presumed to be and treated as a URL.
The short "single-dash" form of the options, -d for example, may be used with or without a space between it and its value, although a space is a recommended separator. The long double-dash form, --data for example, requires a space between it and its value.
Short version options that do not need any additional values can be used immediately next to each other, like for example you can specify all the options -O, -L and -v at once as -OLv.
In general, all boolean options are enabled with --option and yet again disabled with --no-option. That is, you use the same option name but prefix it with "no-". In this list we mostly show the --option version of
When --next is used, it resets the parser state and you start again with a clean option state, except for the options that are global. Global options retain their values and meaning even after --next.
If the long option name ends with an equals sign ("="), the argument is the text following on its right side. (Added in 8.16.0)
The first argument that is exactly two dashes ("--"), marks the end of options; any argument after the end of options is interpreted as a URL argument even if it starts with a dash.
curl does little to no verification of the contents of command line arguments. Passing in "creative octets" like newlines might trigger
The following options are global: --fail-early, --libcurl, --parallel-immediate, --parallel-max-host, --parallel-max, --parallel, --progress-bar, --rate, --show-error, --stderr, --styled-output, --trace-ascii, --trace-config, --trace-ids, --trace-time, --trace and
--abstract-unix-socket (HTTP) Connect to the server through an abstract Unix domain socket, instead of using the network. Note: netstat shows the path of an abstract socket prefixed with "@", however the argument should not have this leading character. If --abstract-unix-socket is provided several times, the last set curl --abstract-unix-socket socketpath https://example.com (HTTPS) Enable the alt-svc parser. If the filename points to an existing alt-svc cache file, that gets used. After a completed transfer, the cache is saved to the filename again if it has been
Specify a "" filename (zero length) to avoid loading/saving and make curl handle the cache in memory.
You may want to restrict your umask to prevent other users on the same system to access the created file.
If this option is used several times, curl loads contents from all the files but the last one is used for saving. --alt-svc can be used several times in a command line. curl --alt-svc svc.txt https://example.com
See also --resolve and --connect-to. (HTTP) Figure out authentication method automatically, and use the most secure one the remote site claims to support. This is done by first doing a request and checking the response-headers, thus possibly inducing an extra network round-trip. This option is used instead of setting a specific authentication method, which you can do with --basic, --digest, --ntlm, and --negotiate.
Using --anyauth is not recommended if you do uploads from stdin, since it may require data to be sent twice and then the client must be able to rewind. If the need should arise when uploading from stdin, the upload operation fails.
Used together with --user. curl --anyauth --user me:pwd https://example.com
See also --proxy-anyauth, --basic and --digest. (FTP SFTP) When used in an upload, this option makes curl append to the target file instead of overwriting it. If the remote file does not exist, it is created. Note that this flag is ignored by some SFTP servers (including OpenSSH). Providing --append multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-append. curl --upload-file local --append ftp://example.com/
See also --range and --continue-at.
--aws-sigv4 (HTTP) Use AWS V4 signature authentication in the transfer.
The provider argument is a string that is used by the algorithm when creating outgoing authentication headers.
The region argument is a string that points to a geographic area of a resources collection (region-code) when the region name is omitted from the endpoint.
The service argument is a string that points to a function provided by a cloud (service-code) when the service name is omitted from the endpoint. If --aws-sigv4 is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --aws-sigv4 "aws:amz:us-east-2:es" --user "key:secret" \
Added in 7.75.0. See also --basic and --user. (HTTP) Use HTTP Basic authentication with the remote host. This method is the default and this option is usually pointless, unless you use it to override a previously set option that sets a different authentication method (such as --ntlm, --digest, or
Used together with --user. Providing --basic multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-basic. curl -u name:password --basic https://example.com (TLS) Use the operating system's native CA store for certificate
This option is independent of other CA certificate locations set at run time or build time. Those locations are searched in addition to the native CA store.
This option works with OpenSSL and its forks (BoringSSL, LibreSSL, etc) on Windows (Added in 7.71.0) and on Apple OS when libcurl is built with Apple SecTrust enabled. (Added in 8.17.0)
This option works with wolfSSL on Windows, Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, Gentoo, Fedora, RHEL), macOS, Android and iOS. (Added in 8.3.0)
This option works with GnuTLS (Added in 8.5.0) and also uses Apple SecTrust when libcurl is built with it. (Added in 8.17.0)
This option works with Rustls on Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. On Linux it is equivalent to using the Mozilla CA certificate bundle. When used with Rustls _only_ the native CA store is consulted, not other locations set at run time or build time.
This option currently has no effect for Schannel. This is the native TLS library from Microsoft, that by default uses the native CA store for verification unless overridden by a CA certificate location setting. Providing --ca-native multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ca-native. curl --ca-native https://example.com
Added in 8.2.0. See also --cacert, --capath, --dump-ca-embed, --insecure and --proxy-ca-native. (TLS) Use the specified certificate file to verify the peer. The file may contain multiple CA certificates. The certificate(s) must be in PEM format. Normally curl is built to use a default file for this, so this option is typically used to alter that default file.
curl recognizes the environment variable named 'CURL_CA_BUNDLE' if it is set and the TLS backend is not Schannel, and uses the given path as a path to a CA cert bundle. This option overrides that
(Windows) curl automatically looks for a CA certs file named 'curl-ca-bundle.crt', either in the same directory as curl.exe, or in the Current Working Directory, or in any folder along your
curl 8.11.0 added a build-time option to disable this search behavior, and another option to restrict search to the
(Schannel) This option is supported for Schannel in Windows 7 or later (added in 7.60.0). This option is supported for backward compatibility with other SSL engines; instead it is recommended to use Windows' store of root certificates (the default for Schannel). If --cacert is provided several times, the last set curl --cacert CA-file.txt https://example.com
See also --capath, --dump-ca-embed and --insecure. (TLS) Use the specified certificate directory to verify the peer. If curl is built against OpenSSL, multiple paths can be provided by separating them with the appropriate platform-specific separator (e.g. "path1:path2:path3" on Unix-style platforms for "path1;path2;path3" on Windows).
The certificates must be in PEM format, and if curl is built against OpenSSL, the directory must have been processed using the c_rehash utility supplied with OpenSSL. Using --capath can allow OpenSSL-powered curl to make SSL-connections much more efficiently than using --cacert if the --cacert file contains many CA
If this option is set, the default capath value is ignored. If --capath is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --capath /local/directory https://example.com
See also --cacert, --dump-ca-embed and --insecure.
-E, --cert (TLS) Use the specified client certificate file when getting a file with HTTPS, FTPS or another SSL-based protocol. The certificate must be PEM format. If the optional password is not specified, it is queried for on the terminal. Note that this option assumes a certificate file that is the private key and the client certificate concatenated. See --cert and --key to specify
In the portion of the argument, you must escape the character ":" as "\:" so that it is not recognized as the password delimiter. Similarly, you must escape the double quote character as \" so that it is not recognized as an escape character.
If curl is built against OpenSSL, and the engine pkcs11 or pkcs11 provider is available, then a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a certificate located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" is interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI. If a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the --engine option is set as "pkcs11" if none was provided and the --cert-type option is set as "ENG" or "PROV" if none was provided (depending on OpenSSL
If curl is built against GnuTLS, a PKCS#11 URI can be used to specify a certificate located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" is interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI.
(Schannel) Client certificates must be specified by a path expression to a certificate store. (Loading PFX is not supported; you can import it to a store first). You can use "\\" to refer to a certificate in the system certificates store, for example, "CurrentUser\MY\934a7ac6f8a5d579285a74fa61e19f23ddfe8d7a". Thumbprint is usually a SHA-1 hex string which you can see in certificate details. Following store locations are supported: CurrentUser, LocalMachine, CurrentService, Services, CurrentUserGroupPolicy, LocalMachineGroupPolicy and LocalMachineEnterprise. If --cert is provided several times, the curl --cert certfile --key keyfile https://example.com
See also --cert-type, --key and --key-type. (TLS) Verify the status of the server certificate by using the Certificate Status Request (aka. OCSP stapling) TLS extension.
If this option is enabled and the server sends an invalid (e.g. expired) response, if the response suggests that the server certificate has been revoked, or no response at all is received,
This support is currently only implemented in the OpenSSL and GnuTLS backends. Providing --cert-status multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-cert-status. curl --cert-status https://example.com
See also --pinnedpubkey. (TLS) Set type of the provided client certificate. PEM, DER, ENG, PROV and P12 are recognized types.
The default type depends on the TLS backend and is usually PEM. For Schannel it is P12. If --cert is a pkcs11: URI then ENG or PROV is the default type (depending on OpenSSL version). If --cert-type is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --cert-type PEM --cert file https://example.com
See also --cert, --key and --key-type. (TLS) Specify which cipher suites to use in the connection if it negotiates TLS 1.2 (1.1, 1.0). The list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on cipher suite details on this
https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html If --ciphers is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:\ ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 https://example.com
See also --tls13-ciphers, --proxy-ciphers and --curves. (HTTP) Request a compressed response using one of the algorithms curl supports, and automatically decompress the content.
Response headers are not modified when saved, so if they are "interpreted" separately again at a later point they might appear to be saying that the content is (still) compressed; while in fact it has already been decompressed.
If this option is used and the server sends an unsupported encoding, curl reports an error. This is a request, not an order; the server may or may not deliver data compressed.
WARNING: when decompressing data, even tiny transfers might be expanded and generate a huge amount of bytes. You might want to limit using this option to only known and trusted sites using secure protocols, perhaps in combination with --max-filesize. Providing --compressed multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-compressed. curl --compressed https://example.com
See also --compressed-ssh. (SCP SFTP) Enable SSH compression. This is a request, not an order; the server may or may not do it. This allows the data to be sent compressed over the wire, and automatically decompressed in the receiving end, to save bandwidth. Providing --compressed-ssh multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with curl --compressed-ssh sftp://example.com/ Specify a text file to read curl arguments from. The command line arguments found in the text file are used as if they were provided
Options and their parameters must be specified on the same line in the file, separated by whitespace, colon, or the equals sign. Long option names can optionally be given in the config file without the initial double dashes and if so, the colon or equals characters can be used as separators. If the option is specified with one or two dashes, there can be no colon or equals character between the option and its parameter.
If the parameter contains whitespace or starts with a colon (:) or equals sign (=), it must be specified enclosed within double quotes ("like this"). Within double quotes the following escape sequences are available: \\, \", \t, \n, \r and \v. A backslash preceding any other letter is ignored.
If the first non-blank column of a config line is a '#' character, that line is treated as a comment.
Only write one option per physical line in the config file. A single line is required to be no more than 10 megabytes (since
Specify the filename to --config as minus "-" to make curl read
Note that to be able to specify a URL in the config file, you need to specify it using the --url option, and not by writing the URL on its own line. It could look similar to this:
url = "https://curl.se/docs/" user-agent = "superagent/1.0"
# and fetch another URL too url = "example.com/docs/manpage.html" referer = "http://nowhereatall.example.com/" # --- End of example file ---
When curl is invoked, it (unless --disable is used) checks for a default config file and uses it if found, even when --config is used. The default config file is checked for in the following
2) "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/curlrc" (Added in 7.73.0)
4) Windows: "%USERPROFILE%\.curlrc"
5) Windows: "%APPDATA%\.curlrc"
6) Windows: "%USERPROFILE%\Application Data\.curlrc"
7) Non-Windows: use getpwuid to find the home directory
8) On Windows, if it finds no .curlrc file in the sequence described above, it checks for one in the same directory the curl
On Windows two filenames are checked per location: .curlrc and _curlrc, preferring the former. Older versions on Windows checked for _curlrc only. --config can be used several times in a command curl --config file.txt https://example.com
--connect-timeout Maximum time in seconds that you allow curl's connection to take. This only limits the connection phase, so if curl connects within the given period it continues - if not it exits.
This option accepts decimal values. The decimal value needs to be provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator - not the local version even if it might be using another separator.
The connection phase is considered complete when the DNS lookup and requested TCP, TLS or QUIC handshakes are done. If --connect-timeout is provided several times, the last set value is curl --connect-timeout 20 https://example.com curl --connect-timeout 3.14 https://example.com
--connect-to For a request intended for the "HOST1:PORT1" pair, connect to "HOST2:PORT2" instead. This option is only used to establish the network connection. It does NOT affect the hostname/port number that is used for TLS/SSL (e.g. SNI, certificate verification) or for the application protocols.
"HOST1" and "PORT1" may be empty strings, meaning any host or any port number. "HOST2" and "PORT2" may also be empty strings, meaning use the request's original hostname and port number.
A hostname specified to this option is compared as a string, so it needs to match the name used in the request URL. It can be either numerical such as "127.0.0.1" or the full hostname such as
Example: redirect connects from the example.com hostname to 127.0.0.1 independently of port number:
curl --connect-to example.com::127.0.0.1: https://example.com/
Example: redirect connects from all hostnames to 127.0.0.1 independently of port number:
curl --connect-to ::127.0.0.1: http://example.com/
--connect-to can be used several times in a command line. curl --connect-to example.com:443:example.net:8443 \
See also --resolve and --header.
-C, --continue-at Resume a previous transfer from the given byte offset. The given offset is the exact number of bytes that are skipped, counting from the beginning of the source file before it is transferred to the destination. If used with uploads, the FTP server command SIZE
Use "-C -" to instruct curl to automatically find out where/how to resume the transfer. It then uses the given output/input files to
When using this option for HTTP uploads using POST or PUT, functionality is not guaranteed. The HTTP protocol has no standard interoperable resume upload and curl uses a set of headers for this purpose that once proved working for some servers and have been left for those who find that useful.
This command line option is mutually exclusive with --range: you can only use one of them for a single transfer.
The --no-clobber and --remove-on-error options cannot be used together with --continue-at. If --continue-at is provided several curl -C - https://example.com curl -C 400 https://example.com
-b, --cookie (HTTP) This option has two slightly separate cookie sending
Either: pass the exact data to send to the HTTP server in the Cookie header. It is supposedly data previously received from the server in a "Set-Cookie:" line. The data should be in the format "NAME1=VALUE1; NAME2=VALUE2". When given a set of specific cookies, curl populates its cookie header with this content explicitly in all outgoing request(s). If multiple requests are done due to authentication, followed redirects or similar, they all get this cookie header passed on.
Or: If no "=" symbol is used in the argument, it is instead treated as a filename to read previously stored cookie from. This option also activates the cookie engine which makes curl record incoming cookies, which may be handy if you are using this in combination with the --location option or do multiple URL transfers on the same invoke.
If the filename is a single minus ("-"), curl reads the contents from stdin. If the filename is an empty string ("") and is the only cookie input, curl activates the cookie engine without any
The file format of the file to read cookies from should be plain HTTP headers (Set-Cookie style) or the Netscape/Mozilla cookie
The file specified with --cookie is only used as input. No cookies are written to that file. To store cookies, use the --cookie-jar
If you use the Set-Cookie file format and do not specify a domain then the cookie is not sent since the domain never matches. To address this, set a domain in Set-Cookie line (doing that includes subdomains) or preferably: use the Netscape format.
Users often want to both read cookies from a file and write updated cookies back to a file, so using both --cookie and --cookie-jar in the same command line is common. curl ignores filenames specified with --cookie which do not exist or point to a
If curl is built with PSL (Public Suffix List) support, it detects and discards cookies that are specified for such suffix domains that should not be allowed to have cookies. If curl is not built with PSL support, it has no ability to stop super cookies. --cookie can be used several times in a command line. curl -b "" https://example.com curl -b cookiefile https://example.com curl -b cookiefile -c cookiefile https://example.com curl -b name=Jane https://example.com
See also --cookie-jar and --junk-session-cookies.
-c, --cookie-jar (HTTP) Specify to which file you want curl to write all cookies after a completed operation. curl writes all cookies from its in-memory cookie storage to the given file at the end of operations. Even if no cookies are known, a file is created so that it removes any formerly existing cookies from the file. The file uses the Netscape cookie file format. If you set the filename to a single minus, "-", the cookies are written to stdout.
The file specified with --cookie-jar is only used for output. No cookies are read from the file. To read cookies, use the --cookie option. Both options can specify the same file.
This command line option activates the cookie engine that makes curl record and use cookies. The --cookie option also activates
If the cookie jar cannot be created or written to, the whole curl operation does not fail or even report an error clearly. Using --verbose gets a warning displayed, but that is the only visible feedback you get about this possibly lethal situation. same system to access the created file. If --cookie-jar is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl -c store-here.txt https://example.com curl -c store-here.txt -b read-these https://example.com
See also --cookie and --junk-session-cookies. When used in conjunction with the --output option, curl creates the necessary local directory hierarchy as needed. This option creates the directories mentioned with the --output option combined with the path possibly set with --output-dir. If the combined output filename uses no directory, or if the directories it mentions already exist, no directories are created.
Created directories are made with mode 0750 on Unix-style file
To create remote directories when using FTP or SFTP, try --ftp-create-dirs. Providing --create-dirs multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-create-dirs. curl --create-dirs --output local/dir/file https://example.com
See also --ftp-create-dirs and --output-dir.
--create-file-mode (SFTP SCP FILE) When curl is used to create files remotely using one of the supported protocols, this option allows the user to set which 'mode' to set on the file at creation time, instead of the
This option takes an octal number as argument. If --create-file-mode is provided several times, the last set value curl --create-file-mode 0777 -T localfile sftp://example.com/new
Added in 7.75.0. See also --ftp-create-dirs. (FTP SMTP) Convert line feeds to carriage return plus line feeds in upload. Useful for MVS (OS/390). Providing --crlf multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-crlf. curl --crlf -T file ftp://example.com/ (TLS) Provide a file using PEM format with a Certificate Revocation List that may specify peer certificates that are to be considered revoked. If --crlfile is provided several times, the curl --crlfile rejects.txt https://example.com
See also --cacert and --capath. (TLS) Set specific curves to use during SSL session establishment according to RFC 8422, 5.1. Multiple algorithms can be provided by separating them with ":" (e.g. "X25519:P-521"). The parameter is available identically in the OpenSSL "s_client" and "s_server"
--curves allows a OpenSSL powered curl to make SSL-connections with exactly the (EC) curve requested by the client, avoiding nontransparent client/server negotiations.
If this option is set, the default curves list built into OpenSSL are ignored. If --curves is provided several times, the last set curl --curves X25519 https://example.com
Added in 7.73.0. See also --ciphers. (HTTP MQTT) Send the specified data in a POST request to the HTTP server, in the same way that a browser does when a user has filled in an HTML form and presses the submit button. This option makes curl pass the data to the server using the content-type application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Compared to --form.
--data-raw is almost the same but does not have a special interpretation of the @ character. To post data purely binary, you should instead use the --data-binary option. To URL-encode the value of a form field you may use --data-urlencode.
If any of these options is used more than once on the same command line, the data pieces specified are merged with a separating &-symbol. Thus, using '-d name=daniel -d skill=lousy' would generate a post chunk that looks like 'name=daniel&skill=lousy'.
If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a filename to read the data from, or - if you want curl to read the data from stdin. Posting data from a file named 'foobar' would thus be done with --data @foobar. When --data is told to read from a file like that, carriage returns, newlines and null bytes are stripped out. If you do not want the @ character to have a special interpretation use --data-raw instead.
The data for this option is passed on to the server exactly as provided on the command line. curl does not convert, change or improve it. It is up to the user to provide the data in the correct form. --data can be used several times in a command line. curl -d "name=curl" https://example.com curl -d "name=curl" -d "tool=cmdline" https://example.com curl -d @filename https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --form, --head and --upload-file. See also --data-binary, --data-urlencode and (HTTP) This option is an alias for --data. --data-ascii can be curl --data-ascii @file https://example.com
See also --data-binary, --data-raw and --data-urlencode. (HTTP) Post data exactly as specified with no extra processing filename. "@-" makes curl read the data from stdin. Data is posted in a similar manner as --data does, except that newlines and carriage returns are preserved and conversions are never done.
Like --data the default content-type sent to the server is application/x-www-form-urlencoded. If you want the data to be treated as arbitrary binary data by the server then set the content-type to octet-stream: -H "Content-Type: application/octet-stream".
If this option is used several times, the ones following the first append data as described in --data. --data-binary can be used several times in a command line. curl --data-binary @filename https://example.com (HTTP) Post data similarly to --data but without the special interpretation of the @ character. --data-raw can be used several curl --data-raw "hello" https://example.com curl --data-raw "@at@at@" https://example.com (HTTP) Post data, similar to the other --data options with the exception that this performs URL-encoding.
To be CGI-compliant, the part should begin with a name followed by a separator and a content specification. The part can be passed to curl using one of the following syntaxes:
URL-encode the content and pass that on. Be careful so that the content does not contain any "=" or "@" symbols, as that makes the syntax match one of the other cases below.
URL-encode the content and pass that on. The preceding "=" symbol is not included in the data.
URL-encode the content part and pass that on. Note that the name part is expected to be URL-encoded already.
load data from the given file (including any newlines), URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST. Using "@-" makes curl read the data from stdin. URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST. The name part gets an equal sign appended, resulting in name=urlencoded-file-content. Note that the name is expected
--data-urlencode can be used several times in a command line. curl --data-urlencode name=val https://example.com curl --data-urlencode =encodethis https://example.com curl --data-urlencode name@file https://example.com curl --data-urlencode @fileonly https://example.com
See also --data and --data-raw. (GSS/kerberos) Set LEVEL what curl is allowed to delegate when it comes to user credentials.
Do not allow any delegation.
Delegates if and only if the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag is set in the Kerberos service ticket, which is a matter of realm policy.
Unconditionally allow the server to delegate.
If --delegation is provided several times, the last set value is curl --delegation "none" https://example.com
See also --insecure and --ssl. (HTTP) Enable HTTP Digest authentication. This authentication scheme avoids sending the password over the wire in clear text. Use this in combination with the normal --user option to set username and password. Providing --digest multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-digest. curl -u name:password --digest https://example.com
See also --user, --proxy-digest and --anyauth. If used as the first parameter on the command line, the curlrc config file is not read or used. See the --config for details on the default config file search path. Providing --disable multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disable. curl -q https://example.com (FTP) Disable the use of the EPRT and LPRT commands when doing active FTP transfers. curl normally first attempts to use EPRT before using PORT, but with this option, it uses PORT right away. EPRT is an extension to the original FTP protocol, and does not work on all servers, but enables more functionality in a better way than the traditional PORT command.
--eprt can be used to explicitly enable EPRT again and --no-eprt is an alias for --disable-eprt.
If the server is accessed using IPv6, this option has no effect as
Disabling EPRT only changes the active behavior. If you want to switch to passive mode you need to not use --ftp-port or force it with --ftp-pasv. Providing --disable-eprt multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disable-eprt. curl --disable-eprt ftp://example.com/
See also --disable-epsv and --ftp-port. (FTP) Disable the use of the EPSV command when doing passive FTP transfers. curl normally first attempts to use EPSV before PASV, but with this option, it does not try EPSV.
--epsv can be used to explicitly enable EPSV again and --no-epsv is an alias for --disable-epsv.
If the server is an IPv6 host, this option has no effect as EPSV
Disabling EPSV only changes the passive behavior. If you want to switch to active mode you need to use --ftp-port. Providing --disable-epsv multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disable-epsv. curl --disable-epsv ftp://example.com/
See also --disable-eprt and --ftp-port.
--disallow-username-in-url Exit with error if passed a URL containing a username. Probably most useful when the URL is being provided at runtime or similar.
Accepting and using credentials in a URL is normally considered a security hazard as they are easily leaked that way. Providing --disallow-username-in-url multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disallow-username-in-url. curl --disallow-username-in-url https://example.com
--dns-interface (DNS) Send outgoing DNS requests through the given interface. This option is a counterpart to --interface (which does not affect DNS). The supplied string must be an interface name (not an address). If --dns-interface is provided several times, the last curl --dns-interface eth0 https://example.com
For --dns-interface to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support c-ares. See also --dns-ipv4-addr and
--dns-ipv4-addr (DNS) Bind to a specific IP address when making IPv4 DNS requests, so that the DNS requests originate from this address. The argument should be a single IPv4 address. If --dns-ipv4-addr is provided curl --dns-ipv4-addr 10.1.2.3 https://example.com
For --dns-ipv4-addr to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support c-ares. See also --dns-interface and
--dns-ipv6-addr (DNS) Bind to a specific IP address when making IPv6 DNS requests, should be a single IPv6 address. If --dns-ipv6-addr is provided curl --dns-ipv6-addr 2a04:4e42::561 https://example.com
For --dns-ipv6-addr to work, it requires that the underlying
--dns-servers (DNS) Set the list of DNS servers to be used instead of the system default. The list of IP addresses should be separated with commas. Port numbers may also optionally be given, appended to the IP address separated with a colon. If --dns-servers is provided curl --dns-servers 192.168.0.1,192.168.0.2 https://example.com curl --dns-servers 10.0.0.1:53 https://example.com
For --dns-servers to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support c-ares. See also --dns-interface and (DNS) Same as --cert-status but used for DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS).
Verify the status of the DoH servers' certificate by using the
If this option is enabled and the DoH server sends an invalid (e.g. expired) response, if the response suggests that the server GnuTLS backends. Providing --doh-cert-status multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-doh-cert-status. curl --doh-cert-status --doh-url https://doh.example \
Added in 7.76.0. See also --doh-insecure. (DNS) By default, every connection curl makes to a DoH server is verified to be secure before the transfer takes place. This option tells curl to skip the verification step and proceed without
WARNING: using this option makes the DoH transfer and name
This option is equivalent to --insecure and --proxy-insecure but used for DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS) only. Providing --doh-insecure curl --doh-insecure --doh-url https://doh.example \
Added in 7.76.0. See also --doh-url, --insecure and (DNS) Specify which DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) server to use to resolve hostnames, instead of using the default name resolver mechanism.
Some SSL options that you set for your transfer also apply to DoH since the name lookups take place over SSL. The certificate verification settings are not inherited but are controlled separately via --doh-insecure and --doh-cert-status.
By default, DoH is bypassed when initially looking up DNS records of the DoH server. You can specify the IP address(es) of the DoH server with --resolve to avoid this.
This option is unset if an empty string "" is used as the URL. (Added in 7.85.0) If --doh-url is provided several times, the last curl --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com curl --doh-url https://doh.example --resolve \ doh.example:443:192.0.2.1 https://example.com
See also --doh-insecure. (TLS) Write the CA bundle embedded in curl to standard output,
If curl was not built with a default CA bundle embedded, the output is empty. Providing --dump-ca-embed multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-dump-ca-embed.
Added in 8.10.0. See also --ca-native, --cacert, --capath, --proxy-ca-native, --proxy-cacert and --proxy-capath.
-D, --dump-header (HTTP FTP) Write the received protocol headers to the specified file. If no headers are received, the use of this option creates an empty file. Specify "-" as filename (a single minus) to have it
Starting in curl 8.10.0, specify "%" (a single percent sign) as filename writes the output to stderr.
When used in FTP, the FTP server response lines are considered being "headers" and thus are saved there.
Starting in curl 8.11.0, using the --create-dirs option can also create missing directory components for the path provided in
Having multiple transfers in one set of operations (i.e. the URLs in one --next clause), appends them to the same file, separated by a blank line. If --dump-header is provided several times, the last curl --dump-header store.txt https://example.com curl --dump-header - https://example.com -o save (HTTPS) Specify how to do ECH (Encrypted Client Hello).
The values allowed for can be:
Do not attempt ECH. The is the default.
Send a GREASE ECH extension
Attempt ECH if possible, but do not fail if ECH is not attempted. (The connection fails if ECH is attempted but
Attempt ECH and fail if that is not possible. ECH only works with TLS 1.3 and also requires using DoH or providing an ECHConfigList on the command line.
A base64 encoded ECHConfigList that is used for ECH.
A name to use to over-ride the "public_name" field of an ECHConfigList (only available with OpenSSL TLS support)
Most ECH related errors cause error CURLE_ECH_REQUIRED (101). If --ech is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --ech true https://example.com
Added in 8.8.0. See also --doh-url. (TLS) Deprecated option (added in 7.84.0). Prior to that it only had an effect on curl if built to use old versions of OpenSSL.
Specify the path name to the Entropy Gathering Daemon socket. The socket is used to seed the random engine for SSL connections. If --egd-file is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --egd-file /random/here https://example.com (TLS) Select the OpenSSL crypto engine to use for cipher operations. Use "--engine list" to print a list of build-time supported engines. Note that not all (and possibly none) of the engines may be available at runtime.
The OpenSSL concept "engines" has been superseded by "providers" in OpenSSL 3, and this option should work fine to specify such as well. If --engine is provided several times, the last set value is curl --engine flavor https://example.com
See also --ciphers and --curves. (HTTP) Make a conditional HTTP request for the specific ETag read from the given file by sending a custom If-None-Match header using
For correct results, make sure that the specified file contains only a single line with the desired ETag. A non-existing or empty file is treated as an empty ETag.
Use the option --etag-save to first save the ETag from a response, and then use this option to compare against the saved ETag in a
Use this option with a single URL only. If --etag-compare is curl --etag-compare etag.txt https://example.com
Added in 7.68.0. See also --etag-save and --time-cond. (HTTP) Save an HTTP ETag to the specified file. An ETag is a caching related header, usually returned in a response. Use this option with a single URL only.
If no ETag is sent by the server, an empty file is created.
In many situations you want to use an existing etag in the request to avoid downloading the same resource again but also save the new etag if it has indeed changed, by using both etag options --etag-save and --etag-compare with the same filename, in the same
Starting in curl 8.12.0, using the --create-dirs option can also --etag-save. If --etag-save is provided several times, the last curl --etag-save storetag.txt https://example.com
Added in 7.68.0. See also --etag-compare.
--expect100-timeout (HTTP) Maximum time in seconds that you allow curl to wait for a 100-continue response when curl emits an Expects: 100-continue header in its request. By default curl waits one second. This option accepts decimal values. When curl stops waiting, it continues as if a response was received.
The decimal value needs to be provided using a dot (".") as decimal separator - not the local version even if it might be using another separator. If --expect100-timeout is provided curl --expect100-timeout 2.5 -T file https://example.com
See also --connect-timeout. (HTTP) Fail with error code 22 and with no response body output at all for HTTP transfers returning HTTP response codes at 400 or
In normal cases when an HTTP server fails to deliver a document, it returns a body of text stating so (which often also describes why and more) and a 4xx HTTP response code. This command line option prevents curl from outputting that data and instead returns error 22 early. By default, curl does not consider HTTP response codes to indicate failure.
To get both the error code and also save the content, use --fail-with-body instead.
This method is not fail-safe and there are occasions where non-successful response codes slip through, especially when authentication is involved (response codes 401 and 407). Providing --fail multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with curl --fail https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --fail-with-body. See also --fail-with-body and --fail-early. Fail and exit on the first detected transfer error.
When curl is used to do multiple transfers on the command line, it attempts to operate on each given URL, one by one. By default, it ignores errors if there are more URLs given and the last URL's success determines the error code curl returns. Early failures are "hidden" by subsequent successful transfers.
Using this option, curl instead returns an error on the first transfer that fails, independent of the amount of URLs that are given on the command line. This way, no transfer failures go undetected by scripts and similar.
This option does not imply --fail, which causes transfers to fail due to the server's HTTP status code. You can combine the two options, however note --fail is not global and is therefore
This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --fail-early multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-fail-early. curl --fail-early https://example.com https://two.example
See also --fail and --fail-with-body. (HTTP) Return an error on server errors where the HTTP response code is 400 or greater). In normal cases when an HTTP server fails to deliver a document, it returns an HTML document stating so (which often also describes why and more). This option allows curl to output and save that content but also to return error 22.
This is an alternative option to --fail which makes curl fail for the same circumstances but without saving the content. Providing --fail-with-body multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-fail-with-body. curl --fail-with-body https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --fail. Added in 7.76.0. See also --fail and --fail-early. (TLS) No TLS backend currently supports this feature.
Use false start during the TLS handshake. False start is a mode where a TLS client starts sending application data before verifying the server's Finished message, thus saving a round trip when performing a full handshake. Providing --false-start multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-false-start. curl --false-start https://example.com
See also --tcp-fastopen. (HTTP) Instructs curl to follow HTTP redirects and to do the custom request method set with --request when following redirects as the HTTP specification says.
The method string set with --request is used in subsequent requests for the status codes 307 or 308, but may be reset to GET
This is subtly different than --location, as that option always sets the custom method in all subsequent requests independent of
Restrict which protocols a redirect is accepted to follow with
When --netrc is used in combination with this option, credentials for the followed-to hosts may also be selected from that file. Providing --follow multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it curl -X POST --follow https://example.com
Added in 8.16.0. See also --request, --location, --proto-redir and
-F, --form (HTTP SMTP IMAP) For the HTTP protocol family, emulate a filled-in form in which a user has pressed the submit button. This makes curl POST data using the Content-Type multipart/form-data
For SMTP and IMAP protocols, this composes a multipart mail
This enables uploading of binary files etc. To force the 'content' part to be a file, prefix the filename with an @ sign. To get the content part from a file, prefix the filename with the symbol <. The difference between @ and < is then that @ makes a file get attached in the post as a file upload, while the < makes a text field and gets the contents for that text field from a file.
Read content from stdin instead of a file by using a single "-" as filename. This goes for both @ and < constructs. When stdin is used, the contents is buffered in memory first by curl to determine its size and allow a possible resend. Defining a part's data from a named non-regular file (such as a named pipe or similar) is not subject to buffering and is instead read at transmission time; since the full size is unknown before the transfer starts, such data is sent as chunks by HTTP and rejected
Example: send an image to an HTTP server, where 'profile' is the name of the form-field to which the file portrait.jpg is the
curl -F profile=@portrait.jpg https://example.com/upload.cgi
Example: send your name and shoe size in two text fields to the
curl -F name=John -F shoesize=11 https://example.com/
Example: send your essay in a text field to the server. Send it as a plain text field, but get the contents for it from a local file:
curl -F "story=HTML message